A modified ISBA surface scheme for modeling the hydrology of Athabasca River Basin with GCM-scale data     

Ernst Kerkhoven  Thian Yew Gan 《Advances in water resources》2006

A soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer model (SVAT), interactions between the soil–biosphere–atmosphere (ISBA) of Météo France, is modified and applied to the Athabasca River Basin (ARB) to model its water and energy fluxes. Two meteorological datasets are used: the archived forecasts from the Meteorological Survey of Canada’s Global Environmental Multiscale Model (GEM) and the European Centre for Mid-range Weather Forecasts global re-analysis (ERA-40), representing spatial scales typical of a weather forecasting model and a global circulation model (GCM), respectively. The original treatment of soil moisture and rainfall in ISBA (OISBA) is modified to statistically account for sub-grid heterogeneity of soil moisture and rainfall to produce new, highly non-linear formulations for surface and sub-surface runoff (MISBA). These new formulations can be readily applied to most existing SVATs. Stand alone mode simulations using the GEM data demonstrate that MISBA significantly improves streamflow predictions despite requiring two fewer parameters than OISBA. Simulations using the ERA-40 data show that it is possible to reproduce the annual variation in monthly, mean annual, and annual minimum flows at GCM scales without using downscaling techniques. Finally, simulations using a simple downscaling scheme show that the better performance of higher resolution datasets can be primarily attributed to improved representation of local variation of land cover, topography, and climate.  相似文献   

电离层对台风响应的全过程的特例研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文

肖赛冠  郝永强  张东和  肖佐 《地球物理学报》2006,49(3):623-628

作为特例研究，本文对1988年和1990年两次强台风影响期间的电离层多普勒记录及相应的台风资料进行了细致的相关分析，目的是利用多普勒记录的连续性优点来了解电离层对登陆（或近海）强台风通过声重波响应的演化全过程.分析表明，在这两次台风影响期间，电离层形态中除有明显的波状扰动（中尺度声重波）出现外，还有一些值得注意的新现象：波动的时间演化表现出明显的幅度逐渐增加以及频率由高频向低频转变，在振幅很大的情况下日落后同时出现扩展F（Spread F）现象，显示了声重波在激发电离层不规则结构方面的种子作用.这一演化过程与电离层中TIDs的线性传播理论一致，文中开展了对这一现象的非线性数值模拟，模拟结果基本上也与上述观测现象相吻合.  相似文献   

Dynamical Climatology of the Upper Mesosphere, Lower Thermosphere and Ionosphere     

E. S. Kazimirovsky  V. D. Kokourov  G. V. Vergasova 《Surveys in Geophysics》2006,27(2):211-255

The main features of upper atmosphere dynamics as an important part of upper atmosphere climatology are presented. The dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) are of special interest. The results are based on the long series of investigations in East Siberia and data from a world-wide network of observatories. We present the regional climatic norms for the prevailing wind and semi-diurnal tide and the main features of the quasi-periodic structure of the wind field. The non-zonality of MLT dynamics is demonstrated as well as regional differences in the response of the wind field to stratospheric disturbances, solar activity variations and geomagnetic storms.  相似文献   

中国大气本底观测发展概述   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李伟 孙扬程根伟  王可琴李同阳 刘发蓉 《山地学报》2006,24(B10):324-329

中国早期的大气本底观测网建设起步于上世纪80年代初，并于10a后基本建成。目前，中国气象局、中国科学院在原有观测站的基础上各自建设和发展着自己下属的大气本底观测网络。全球大气观测网给出了一整套开展大气本底观测的技术标准，各国均予以严格遵循。20多年来，中国大气本底观测工作在基础数据积累以及观测标准制定等方面取得了较大进展，与此相关的科学研究也取得了长足进步。最后对中国大气本底观测发展过程中存在的一些问题进行了探讨。  相似文献   

2004年春季中国沙尘天气特征分析          下载免费PDF全文

周自江  牛若芸 《气象科学》2007,27(1):69-75

利用全国681个站的沙尘天气观测资料分析得出,2004年春季中国北方的沙尘天气明显偏少、偏弱,主要表现在：（1）2004年春季681个站累计的沙尘天气日数2 080 d,相当于历史平均值的46.9%,是近四十余年中第三个偏少年份。沙尘暴的总面积约190万km2,仅为历史平均值的37.3%。（2）危害性较大的沙尘暴和强沙尘暴过程6次,不足2001年的一半。（3）4月和5月沙尘天气明显偏少导致整个春季显著偏少。沙尘天气出现时,PM10浓度相对增加,空气质量恶化,但与历史上较典型的强沙尘暴个例相比,PM10浓度增加的幅度不大。进一步分析表明,2004年春季沙尘天气偏少、偏弱的主要原因是大气动力条件不足,是比较特殊的一个年份。  相似文献   

一种快速地球大气效果3维绘制方法     

LAN Chao-zhen  LI Jian-sheng  XU Qin 《测绘学院学报》2007,(Z1)

介绍了地球大气模型,并回顾了国内外大气的3维绘制算法。在此基础上提出了一种基于简化模型的快速大气效果绘制算法。该算法综合利用Billboard与图形学雾化效果,逼真模拟出了地球大气的可视化效果。实验结果表明,该算法简单有效,避免了复杂的物理计算,大大提高了绘制效率。  相似文献   

Role of H₂O and CO₂ Ices in Martian Climate Changes     

Tokuta YokohataMasatsugu Odaka  Kiyoshi Kuramoto 《Icarus》2002,159(2):439-448

In order to study the stability of martian climate, we constructed a two-dimensional (horizontal-vertical) energy balance model. The long-term CO₂ mass exchange process between the atmosphere and CO₂ ice caps is investigated with particular attention to the effect of planetary ice distribution on the climate stability. Our model calculation suggests that high atmospheric pressure presumed for past Mars would be unstabilized if H₂O ice widely prevailed. As a result, a cold climate state might have been achieved by the condensation of atmospheric CO₂ onto ice caps. On the other hand, the low atmospheric pressure, which is buffered by the CO₂ ice cap and likely close to the present pressure, would be unstabilized if the CO₂ ice albedo decreased. This may have led the climate into a warm state with high atmospheric pressure owing to complete evaporation of CO₂ ice cap. Through the albedo feedback mechanisms of H₂O and CO₂ ices in the atmosphere-ice cap system, Mars may have experienced warm and cold climates episodically in its history.  相似文献   

CO₂ Snow on Mars and Early Earth: Experimental Constraints     

David L. GlandorfAnthony Colaprete  Margaret A. TolbertOwen B. Toon 《Icarus》2002,160(1):66-72

Greenhouse warming due to carbon dioxide atmospheres may be responsible for maintaining the early Earth's surface temperature above freezing and may even have allowed for liquid water on early Mars. However, the high levels of CO₂ required for such warming should have also resulted in the formation of CO₂ clouds. These clouds, depending on their particle size, could lead to either warming or cooling. The particle size in turn is determined by the nucleation and growth conditions. Here we present laboratory studies of the nucleation and growth of carbon dioxide on water ice under martian atmospheric conditions. We find that a critical saturation, S=1.34, is required for nucleation, corresponding to a contact parameter between solid water and solid carbon dioxide of m=0.95. We also find that after nucleation occurs, growth of CO₂ is very rapid, and we report the growth rates at a number of supersaturations. Because growth would be expected to continue until the CO₂ pressure is lowered to its vapor pressure, we expect particles larger than those being currently suggested for the present and past martian atmospheres. Using this information in a microphysical model described in a companion paper, we find that CO₂ clouds are best described as “snow,” having a relatively small number of large particles.  相似文献   

Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer Modeling of Lightning Observed in Galileo Images of Jupiter   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

U.A. DyudinaA.P. Ingersoll  A.R. VasavadaS.P. Ewald  the Galileo SSI Team 《Icarus》2002,160(2):336-349

We study lightning on Jupiter and the clouds illuminated by the lightning using images taken by the Galileo orbiter. The Galileo images have a resolution of ∼25 km/pixel and are able to resolve the shape of single lightning spots, which have half widths (radii) at half the maximum intensity in the range 45-80 km. We compare the shape and width of lightning flashes in the images with simulated flashes produced by our 3D Monte Carlo light-scattering model.The model calculates Monte Carlo scattering of photons in a 3D opacity distribution. During each scattering event, light is partially absorbed. The new direction of the photon after scattering is chosen according to a Henyey-Greenstein phase function. An image from each direction is produced by accumulating photons emerging from the cloud in a small range (bins) of emission angles. The light source is modeled either as a point or a vertical line.A plane-parallel cloud layer does not always fit the data. In some cases the cloud over the light source appears to resemble cumulus clouds on Earth. Lightning is estimated to occur at least as deep as the bottom of the expected water cloud. For the six flashes studied, we find that the clouds above the lightning are optically thick (τ>5). Jovian flashes are more regular and circular than the largest terrestrial flashes observed from space. On Jupiter there is nothing equivalent to the 30-40-km horizontal flashes that are seen on Earth.  相似文献   

Lunisolar torque on the atmosphere and Earth's rotation     

C. Bizouard  S. Lambert 《Planetary and Space Science》2002,50(3):323-333

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